连接查询

SQL 92标准

SQL 92标准仅支持内连接

等值连接

• 多表等值连接的结果为多表的交集部分
• n表连接，至少需要 n-1 个连接条件
• 多表的顺序没有要求
• 一般需要为表起别名
• 可以搭配排序、分组、筛选等

简单示例

#案例1：查询女神名和对应的男神名
SELECT NAME,boyName 
FROM boys,beauty
WHERE beauty.boyfriend_id=boys.id;

#案例2：查询员工名和对应的部门名
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees,departments
WHERE employees.`department_id`=departments.`department_id`;

配合筛选

#案例：查询有奖金的员工名、部门名
SELECT last_name,department_name,commission_pct
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
AND e.`commission_pct` IS NOT NULL;

#案例2：查询城市名中第二个字符为o的部门名和城市名
SELECT department_name,city
FROM departments d,locations l
WHERE d.`location_id` = l.`location_id`
AND city LIKE '_o%';

配合分组

#案例1：查询每个城市的部门个数
SELECT COUNT(*) 个数,city
FROM departments d,locations l
WHERE d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
GROUP BY city;

#案例2：查询有奖金的每个部门的部门名和部门的领导编号和该部门的最低工资
SELECT department_name,d.`manager_id`,MIN(salary)
FROM departments d,employees e
WHERE d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
AND commission_pct IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY department_name,d.`manager_id`;

配合排序

#案例：查询每个工种的工种名和员工的个数，并且按员工个数降序
SELECT job_title,COUNT(*)
FROM employees e,jobs j
WHERE e.`job_id`=j.`job_id`
GROUP BY job_title
ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC;

三表连接

#案例：查询员工名、部门名和所在的城市
SELECT last_name,department_name,city
FROM employees e,departments d,locations l
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
AND d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
AND city LIKE 's%'
ORDER BY department_name DESC;

非等值连接

#案例1：查询员工的工资和工资级别
SELECT salary,grade_level
FROM employees e,job_grades g
WHERE salary BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`
AND g.`grade_level`='A';

自连接

#案例：查询 员工名和上级的名称
SELECT e.employee_id,e.last_name,m.employee_id,m.last_name
FROM employees e,employees m
WHERE e.`manager_id`=m.`employee_id`;

练习

#1.显示所有员工的姓名，部门号和部门名称
SELECT last_name,d.department_id,department_name
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

#2.查询90号部门员工的job_id和90号部门的location_id
SELECT job_id,location_id
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
AND e.`department_id`=90;

#3.选择所有有奖金的员工的last_name , department_name , location_id , city
SELECT last_name , department_name , l.location_id , city
FROM employees e,departments d,locations l
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id
AND d.location_id=l.location_id
AND e.commission_pct IS NOT NULL;

#4.选择city在Toronto工作的员工的last_name , job_id , department_id , department_name 
SELECT last_name , job_id , d.department_id , department_name 
FROM employees e,departments d ,locations l
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id
AND d.location_id=l.location_id
AND city = 'Toronto';

#5.查询每个工种、每个部门的部门名、工种名和最低工资
SELECT department_name,job_title,MIN(salary) 最低工资
FROM employees e,departments d,jobs j
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
AND e.`job_id`=j.`job_id`
GROUP BY department_name,job_title;

#6.查询每个国家下的部门个数大于2的国家编号
SELECT country_id,COUNT(*) 部门个数
FROM departments d,locations l
WHERE d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
GROUP BY country_id
HAVING 部门个数>2;

#7.选择指定员工的姓名，员工号，以及他的管理者的姓名和员工号，结果类似于下面的格式
employees	Emp#	manager	Mgr#
kochhar		101	king	100

SELECT e.last_name employees,e.employee_id "Emp#",m.last_name manager,m.employee_id "Mgr#"
FROM employees e,employees m
WHERE e.manager_id = m.employee_id
AND e.last_name='kochhar';

SQL 99标准

语法

SELECT
	查询列表 
FROM
	表1 别名 
	连接类型 JOIN 表2 别名 ON 连接条件 
WHERE
	筛选条件 
GROUP BY
	分组 
HAVING
	筛选条件 
ORDER BY
	排序列表

内连接

SELECT
	查询列表 
FROM
	表1 别名
	INNER JOIN 表 2 别名 ON 连接条件;

特点

• inner 可以省略
• 筛选条件放在 where 后面，连接条件放在 on 后面，提高分离性，便于阅读
• inner join 连接和 sql92 语法中的等值连接效果是一样的，都是查询多表的交集

等值连接

#案例1.查询员工名、部门名
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

#案例2.查询名字中包含e的员工名和工种名（添加筛选）
SELECT last_name,job_title
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN jobs j
ON e.`job_id`=  j.`job_id`
WHERE e.`last_name` LIKE '%e%';

#案例3.查询部门个数>3的城市名和部门个数，（添加分组+筛选）
SELECT city,COUNT(*) 部门个数
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN locations l
ON d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
GROUP BY city
HAVING COUNT(*)>3;

#案例4.查询哪个部门的员工个数>3的部门名和员工个数，并按个数降序（添加排序）
SELECT COUNT(*) 个数,department_name
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
GROUP BY department_name
HAVING COUNT(*)>3
ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC;

#案例5.查询员工名、部门名、工种名，并按部门名降序（添加三表连接）
SELECT last_name,department_name,job_title
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
INNER JOIN jobs j ON e.`job_id` = j.`job_id`
ORDER BY department_name DESC;

非等值连接

#案例1.查询员工的工资级别
SELECT salary,grade_level
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN job_grades g
ON e.`salary` BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`;
 
#案例2.查询工资级别的个数>20的个数，并且按工资级别降序
SELECT COUNT(*),grade_level
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN job_grades g
ON e.`salary` BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`
GROUP BY grade_level
HAVING COUNT(*)>20
ORDER BY grade_level DESC;

自连接

#案例1.查询员工的名字、上级的名字
SELECT e.last_name,m.last_name
FROM employees e
JOIN employees m
ON e.`manager_id`= m.`employee_id`;
 
#案例2.查询姓名中包含字符k的员工的名字、上级的名字
SELECT e.last_name,m.last_name
FROM employees e
JOIN employees m
ON e.`manager_id`= m.`employee_id`
WHERE e.`last_name` LIKE '%k%';

外连接

应用场景

• 用于查询一个表中有，另一个表没有的记录

特点

• 外连接的查询结果为主表中的所有记录，如果从表中有和它匹配的，则显示匹配的值，如果从表中没有和它匹配的，则显示 null
• 左外连接，left join 左边的是主表，右外连接，right join 右边的是主表
• 左外和右外交换两个表的顺序，可以实现同样的效果
• 全外连接等价于内连接的结果加上表1中有但表2没有的加上表2中有但表1没有的

左外连接

#案例1.查询男朋友 不在男神表的的女神名
SELECT b.*,bo.*
FROM boys bo
LEFT OUTER JOIN beauty b
ON b.`boyfriend_id` = bo.`id`
WHERE b.`id` IS NULL;
 
#案例2.查询哪个部门没有员工
SELECT d.*,e.employee_id
FROM departments d
LEFT OUTER JOIN employees e
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
WHERE e.`employee_id` IS NULL;

右外连接

#案例1.查询哪个部门没有员工
SELECT d.*,e.employee_id
FROM employees e
RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
WHERE e.`employee_id` IS NULL;

交叉连接

• 交叉连接不带WHERE子句，它返回被连接的两个表所有数据行的笛卡尔积，返回结果集合中的数据行数等于第一个表中符合查询条件的数据行数乘以第二个表中符合查询条件的数据行数。

全外连接

• 在内连接的基础上，还包含两个表中所有不符合条件的数据行，并在其中的左表、和右表列填写 NULL，mysql 暂不支持。

练习

#一、查询编号>3的女神的男朋友信息，如果有则列出详细，如果没有，用null填充
SELECT b.id,b.name,bo.*
FROM beauty b
LEFT OUTER JOIN boys bo
ON b.`boyfriend_id` = bo.`id`
WHERE b.`id`>3;

#二、查询哪个城市没有部门
SELECT city
FROM departments d
RIGHT OUTER JOIN locations l 
ON d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
WHERE d.`department_id` IS NULL;

#三、查询部门名为SAL或IT的员工信息
SELECT e.*,d.department_name,d.`department_id`
FROM departments  d
LEFT JOIN employees e
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
WHERE d.`department_name` IN('SAL','IT');